Review the Research
Get summaries of key research on vitamin D and COVID-19
Study Summaries
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency leads to poorer outcomes in individuals diagnosed
COVID-19 and vitamin D (Co-VIVID study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
COVID-19 and vitamin D (Co-VIVID study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Take Home Message Vitamin D use was associated with significant decrease
Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity? – a systematic review
This systematic review reports that vitamin D supplementation is effective in reducing COVID19 severity
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Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review Gallery
Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
This study recommends that people with darker skin supplement their diet with vitamin D3 through oral modes aiming to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes of...
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review Take Home Message In this systematic review of publications studying vitamin D
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis Take Home Message In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D levels on the incidence of COVID-19
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D levels on the incidence of COVID-19 Take Home Message This meta-analysis reported that there is a
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Take Home Message This meta-analysis suggests that sufficient vitamin D level in serum
Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message This meta-analysis reported a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of
Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Take Home Message This meta-analysis suggested that there is a
Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Low vitamin D status is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency and obesity increases risk
Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis Take Home Message Vitamin D supplementation might be associated with improved clinical outcomes
The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message Low vitamin D status may influence whether or
The link between COVID-19 and Vitamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The link between COVID-19 and Vitamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message This meta-analysis suggested that there is no statistical association between
Therapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies
Therapeutic and prognostic role of vitamin D for COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency and
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message This systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies found no significant difference
Short term, high-dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study).
In this 40 person randomized, placebo-controlled study in India a greater proportion of vitamin D-deficient individuals with mildly symptomatic COVID-19 infections tested COVID-19 negative...
Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness.
Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness. Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency is a predictive risk factor associated with poorer COVID-19
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19.
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19. Take Home Message This study showed a potential association between severe vitamin D
A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients.
A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients. Take Home Message The measurement of
Vitamin D status is not associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women.
Vitamin D status is not associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women. Take Home Message This study suggested that clinical severity and pulmonary involvement of
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Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Gallery
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Take
25 (OH) Vitamin D Levels of Patients with COVID-19 are not Associated with the Length of Hospital Stay.
25 (OH) Vitamin D Levels of Patients with COVID-19 are not Associated with the Length of Hospital Stay. Take Home Message No statistically significant relationship was
Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of death
Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of death. Take Home Message Serum level of 25(OH) D is an
Effect of a single high dose of Vitamin D3 on cytokines, chemokines and growth factor in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19
A single high-dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin D did not elicit meaningful changes in systemic inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, or growth factor among COVID-19 patients with already...
A critical update on the role of mild and serious vitamin D deficiency prevalence and the COVID-19 epidemic in Europe.
In this study, vitamin D deficiency did not correlate to COVID-19 infection rate. COVID-19 mortality was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID‐19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta‐analysis Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency leads to poorer outcomes in individuals diagnosed
COVID-19 and vitamin D (Co-VIVID study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
COVID-19 and vitamin D (Co-VIVID study): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Take Home Message Vitamin D use was associated with significant decrease
Does vitamin D supplementation reduce COVID-19 severity? – a systematic review
This systematic review reports that vitamin D supplementation is effective in reducing COVID19 severity
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review Take Home Message In this systematic review of publications studying vitamin D
Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries
Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries. Take Home Message The number of COVID-19 infections and mortalities per 1
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis Take Home Message In this meta-analysis it is suggested that Vitamin D deficiency
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D levels on the incidence of COVID-19
A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect of vitamin D levels on the incidence of COVID-19 Take Home Message This meta-analysis reported that there is a
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Take Home Message This meta-analysis suggests that sufficient vitamin D level in serum
Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis
Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message This meta-analysis reported a positive association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID‑19 risk: a population‑based, cohort study
Supplementation with cholecalciferol or calcifediol helped subject to achieve serum 25OHD levels ≥30 ng/ml which were associated with better COVID-19 outcomes.
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Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review Gallery
Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
Changes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels post‐vitamin D supplementation in people of Black and Asian ethnicities and its implications during COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review
This study recommends that people with darker skin supplement their diet with vitamin D3 through oral modes aiming to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes of...
Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease
Impact of daily high dose oral vitamin D therapy on the inflammatory markers in patients with COVID 19 disease. Take Home Message In a prospective open-label
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Take Home Message This systematic review and meta-analysis of 5 studies found no significant difference
COVID-19 severity in relation to sociodemographics and vitamin D use
COVID-19 severity in relation to sociodemographics and vitamin D use. Take Home Message The aims of this observational study of 428 recovered COVID-19 patients in Iraq,
Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length
A high, single oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3, compared to placebo, did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay in moderately to severely ill hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Brazil during the study period of June-August 2020.
Vitamin D supplementation and outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy
This study did not find a benefit associated with vitamin D supplementation in COVID-19 patients but did identify that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for higher in-patient mortality.
Habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK Biobank
In this prospective study, the self-reported use of vitamin D supplements was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection, independent of lifestyle, socio-economic status, prevalent chronic diseases and circulating...
Effectiveness of In-Hospital Cholecalciferol Use
Results from this retrospective analysis demonstrate that two consecutive doses of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol (total of 400,000 IU) can significantly improve the outcome in patients affected by COVID-19 that are also burdened with three or more...
Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness.
Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness. Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency is a predictive risk factor associated with poorer COVID-19
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19.
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19. Take Home Message This study showed a potential association between severe vitamin D
A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients.
A combined role for low vitamin D and low albumin circulating levels as strong predictors of worse outcome in COVID-19 patients. Take Home Message The measurement of
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Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Gallery
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity.
Associations between predicted vitamin D status, vitamin D intake, and risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Take
25 (OH) Vitamin D Levels of Patients with COVID-19 are not Associated with the Length of Hospital Stay.
25 (OH) Vitamin D Levels of Patients with COVID-19 are not Associated with the Length of Hospital Stay. Take Home Message No statistically significant relationship was
Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of death
Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with 25(OH)D levels lower than 12 ng/ml are at increased risk of death. Take Home Message Serum level of 25(OH) D is an
A critical update on the role of mild and serious vitamin D deficiency prevalence and the COVID-19 epidemic in Europe.
In this study, vitamin D deficiency did not correlate to COVID-19 infection rate. COVID-19 mortality was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19
The data from this study provides evidence that vitamin D may have an anti‐inflammatory effect on COVID‐19 patients and vitamin D may provide protective effects.
Vitamin D Levels are Associated with Blood Glucose and BMI in COVID-19 Patients, Predicting Disease Severity
High prevalence of low vitamin D levels is associated with increased disease severity due to an increased immune-inflammatory response.
Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19.
Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19. Take Home Message Older patients with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency (≤30 nmol/L) have
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Serum Levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in a Cohort of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: A Pilot Study. Gallery
Serum Levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in a Cohort of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: A Pilot Study.
Serum Levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin D in a Cohort of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: A Pilot Study.
Results of this pilot study support the need for further research to determine if vitamin C and vitamin D status should be assessed upon admission for COVID-19...
COVID-19 mortality increases with northerly latitude after adjustment for age suggesting a link with ultraviolet and vitamin D.
This study investigated the relationships between latitude, age of population, population density and pollution with COVID-19 mortality. The proportion of older people...
Prevalence of obesity and hypovitaminosis D in elderly with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
In elderly patients in Brazil testing positive for COVID-19 admitted to an ICU there was a high prevalence of obesity and low vitamin D levels. Whether or not the obesity and...
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Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study. Gallery
Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study.
Vitamin D Supplementation Associated to Better Survival in Hospitalized Frail Elderly COVID-19 Patients: The GERIA-COVID Quasi-Experimental Study.
Large oral doses of vitamin D taken in the year prior to COVID-19 diagnosis were associated with less severe disease and better survival in frail elderly patients in France...
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Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests Gallery
Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests
Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests
This observational study identified an inverse relationship between vitamin D treatment and COVID-19 related mortality: those receiving vitamin D supplementation...
Vitamin D and Lung Outcomes in Elderly COVID-19 Patients
In this retrospective cross-sectional study of 65 elderly patients serum, Vitamin D deficiency was associated with more severe lung involvement, longer disease duration, and risk of death in elderly COVID-19 patients.
Vitamin D status is not associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women.
Vitamin D status is not associated with clinical severity of COVID-19 in pregnant women. Take Home Message This study suggested that clinical severity and pulmonary involvement of
Impact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control study
Impact of vitamin D on the course of COVID-19 during pregnancy: A case control study Take Home Message Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19.
Vitamin D and morbidity in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome related to Covid-19. Take Home Message This study showed a potential association between severe vitamin D
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review
Low vitamin D levels and prognosis in a COVID-19 pediatric population: a systematic review Take Home Message In this systematic review of publications studying vitamin D
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The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospital Gallery
The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospital
The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: single-center experience from a pandemic hospital
In this retrospective cohort study of 103 COVID-19 positive pediatric patients aged 1-17 years in Istanbul, Turkey, a deficient serum vitamin D level [<12 ng/mL (<30 nmol/l)] was associated with clinical severity and elevated markers of inflammation.
Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?
There is a potential connection between vitamin D level and COVID-19, but more studies in children are needed before any conclusions can be drawn.
Ongoing Studies
Explore current trials being conducted around the world focused on vitamin D and COVID-19.
Title | Status | Conditions | Interventions | Location |
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Severity of COVID-19 and Vitamin D Supplementation | Active, not recruiting |
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Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients | Active, not recruiting |
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Vit D3 for Early Symptoms of COVID-19 | Not yet recruiting |
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The Efficacy of Nigella Sativa Versus VitaminD3 as Supplement Therapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Recruiting |
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Low vs. Moderate to High Dose Vitamin D for Prevention of COVID-19 | Recruiting |
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Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women at Risk and COVID-19 | Not yet recruiting |
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Baseline Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Disease Severity | Recruiting |
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Vitamin D3 Supplementation to Prevent Respiratory Tract Infections | Active, not recruiting |
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Vitamin D for COVID-19 Trial | Active, not recruiting |
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High Dose Vitamin-D Substitution in Patients With COVID-19: a Randomized Controlled, Multi Center Study | Active, not recruiting |
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Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 Infection | Recruiting |
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Vitamin D and COVID-19 Management | Recruiting |
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The VITDALIZE Study: Effect of High-dose Vitamin D3 on 28-day Mortality in Adult Critically Ill Patients | Recruiting |
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Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Level |
Recruiting |
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Vitamin D Supplementation and Clinical Outcomes in Severe COVID-19 Patients | Active, not recruiting | •COVID-19 •Respiratory Distress Syndrome •Vitamin D Deficiency |
•Dietary Supplement: cholecalciferol | •University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia |
Pilot Study of Vitamin K2 (MK-7) and Vitamin D3 Supplementation and the Effects on PASC Symptomatology and Inflammatory Biomarkers | Recruiting | •Post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome | •Dietary Supplement: Vitamin K2 (MK-7) •Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 |
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Long COVID Comorbidities: Endocrine, Metabolic, Neuropsychiatric, Muscle, Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, Dermatologic Dysfunctions | Recruiting | •Long COVID-19 | •Diagnostic Test: Assessments of endocrinological phenotypes of LO-COCO patients
•Diagnostic Test: Assessment of muscular phenotypes of LO-COCO patients •Diagnostic Test: Assessment of •Procedure: Muscle biopsy •Diagnostic Test: Assessment of pulmonary phenotypes of LO-COCO patients •Diagnostic Test: Assessment of •Diagnostic Test: Assessment of vascular phenotypes of LO-COCO patients •Diagnostic Test: Assessment of •Procedure: Tissue biopsy |
•Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy |
Severity of COVID-19 and Vitamin D Supplementation | Active, not recruiting | •COVID-19 Respiratory Infection | •Drug: vitamin D | •Almazov National Medical Research Centre, of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation |
Vit D3 for Early Symptoms of COVID-19 | Not yet recruiting | •COVID-19 | •Drug: Standard of care •Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 |
•Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
The Efficacy of Nigella Sativa Versus Vitamin D3 as Supplement Therapy in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Recruiting | •COVID-19 | •Dietary Supplement: Nigella Sativa capsule twice daily | •Respiratory System specialized hospital at Kobry Elobba Military Medical hospitals., Cairo, Egypt |
Low vs. Moderate to High Dose Vitamin D for Prevention of COVID-19 | Recruiting | •SARS-CoV-2 Infection | •Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 | •Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States •University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States |
The Effects of a Multi-factorial Rehabilitation Program for Healthcare Workers Suffering From Post-COVID-19 Fatigue Syndrome | Completed | •COVID-19 | •Other: Exercise | •Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria |
Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnant Women at Risk and COVID-19 | Not yet recruiting | •Pregnancy Complications •COVID-19 |
•Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women |
•Maria Jose Aguilar Cordero, Granada, Spain |
Magnesium and Vitamin D Combination for Post-COVID Syndrome | Not yet recruiting |
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•Biomedical Research Unit, Durango, Dgo, Mexico |
Baseline Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Disease Severity | Recruiting | •Vitamin D Deficiency •COVID-19 |
•Other: Vitamin D | •Parkview Medical Center, Pueblo, Colorado, United States |
Vitamin D3 Supplementation to Prevent Respiratory Tract Infections | Active, not recruiting | •Respiratory Tract Infections •COVID-19 •Flu Like Illness |
•Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D supplementation |
•Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, United States |
Vitamin D for COVID-19 Trial | Active, not recruiting | •COVID-19 | •Dietary Supplement: vitamin D •Dietary Supplement: Placebo |
•Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
High Dose Vitamin D Substitution in Patients With COVID-19: a Randomized, Controlled, Multi Center Study | Active, not recruiting | •COVID-19 •Vitamin D Deficiency •Corona Virus Infection •ARDS •Coronavirus •SARS-CoV Infection |
•Drug: Single high dose vitamin D •Drug: Placebo •Drug: Treatment as usual vitamin D |
•Cantonal Hospital Baselland Liestal, Liestal, BL, Switzerland •Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Saint Gallen, SG, Switzerland |
Vitamin D Supplementation in the Prevention and Mitigation of COVID-19 Infection | Recruiting | •COVID-19 •Vitamin D Deficiency •Respiratory Viral Infection |
•Drug: Daily Vitamin D3 •Drug: Daily placebo •Drug: Bolus vitamin D3 •Drug: Bolus placebo |
•Medical Univjuersity of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States |
Vitamin D and COVID-19 Management | Recruiting | •COVID-19 | •Dietary Supplement: Ddrops® products, 50,000 IU, Oral •Dietary Supplement: Vitamin D3 |
•University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada |
The VITDALIZE Study: Effect of High-dose Vitamin D3 on 28-day Mortality in Adult Critically Ill Patients | Recruiting | •Critical Illness •Vitamin D Deficiency •COVID-19 |
•Drug: Cholecalciferol •Drug: Placebo |
•LKH Hochsteiermark Standort Bruck, Bruck An Der Mur, Austria •LKH Enzenbach, Enzenbach, Austria •LKH Feldbach, Feldbach, Austria •LKH Fürstenfeld, Fürstenfeld, Austria •Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria •Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria •Klinikum am Wörthersee, Klagenfurt, Austria •LKH Hochsteiermark Standort Leoben, Leoben, Austria •Barmherzige Brüder Konventhospital Linz, Linz, Austria •Barmherzige Schwestern, Linz, Austria •and 10 more |
The Importance of Vitamin D
What percentage of Americans are vitamin D deficient or insufficient?
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found to be 28.9% and vitamin D insufficiency 41% in a subset of 26,010 US adults surveyed as part of the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2010.1 Vitamin D deficiency is a major health concern because it has been linked to depression, fatigue, muscle aches, increased risk of respiratory infections, autoimmune disorders, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, increased risk of infection and some cancers. Vitamin D insufficiency has been associated with reduced calcium absorption, decreased bone density, potential mild decrease of the blood calcium level, accelerated bone resorption, an increased risk of falls, and potentially fractures. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency can seriously affect a person’s quality of life.2,3,4
How is vitamin D different than other vitamins?
Who is more at risk of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency?
What is the importance of vitamin D in the body?
- Liu X, Baylin A, Levy PD. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: prevalence, predictors and clinical implications. British Journal of Nutrition. 2018;119(8):928-936.
- Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: a forgotten hormone important for health. Public health reviews. 2010;32(1):267-283.
- Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2020;74(11):1498-1513.
- MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4):1536-1538.)
- Kweder H, Eidi H. Vitamin D deficiency in elderly: Risk factors and drugs impact on vitamin D status. Avicenna J Med. 2018;8(4):139-146. doi:10.4103/ajm.AJM_20_18). 3. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/#h5
- Emmanuel M. K. Awumey, Devashis A. Mitra, Bruce W. Hollis, Rajiv Kumar, Norman H. Bell, Vitamin D Metabolism Is Altered in Asian Indians in the Southern United States: A Clinical Research Center Study, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1998; 83(1): 169–173, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.1.4514
- Castro JP, Penckofer S. The role of vitamin D in the health of Hispanic adults with diabetes. Hisp Health Care Int. 2014;12(2):90-8. doi: 10.1891/1540-4153.12.2.90. PMID: 24871915.
- Sassi F, Tamone C, D’Amelio P. Vitamin D: nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1656.
- Hewlings SJ, Medeiros DM. Nutrition: Real People, Real Choices. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2009.
- Elliott ME, Binkley NC, Carnes M, Zimmerman DR, Petersen K, Knapp K, Behlke JM, Ahmann N, Kieser MA. Fracture risks for women in long-term care: high prevalence of calcaneal osteoporosis and hypovitaminosis D. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; Jun;23(6):702-10.
- Nair R, Maseeh A. Vitamin D: The “sunshine” vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2012; Apr;3(2):118-26.
- Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, et al.Mechanisms in Endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19. European Journal of Endocrinology. 2020;183(5):R133-r147.
- van Etten E, Mathieu C. Immunoregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: basic concepts. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2005;97(1-2):93-101.
- Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA, Jr. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of internal medicine. 2009;169(4):384-390.
- A Kempker, J., & S Martin, G. Vitamin D and sepsis: from associations to causal connections. Inflammation & Allergy-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Inflammation & Allergy) (Discontinued). 2013; 12(4): 246-252.
- Zdrenghea, M. T., Makrinioti, H., Bagacean, C., Bush, A., Johnston, S. L., and Stanciu, L. A. Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections, Rev Med Virol. 2017; 27:e1909. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1909.
- Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, Krishnan J, Shapiro M. Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know. Annals of medicine. 2018;50(2):110-120.
- Cannell JJ, Vieth R, Umhau JC, et al. Epidemic influenza and vitamin D. Epidemiology and infection. 2006;134(6):1129-1140.
- Martineau A R, Jolliffe D A, Hooper R L, Greenberg L, Aloia J F, Bergman P et al. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data BMJ. 2017; (356):i6583 doi:10.1136/bmj.i6583.
- Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C, Tsoupras A. COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients. 2020 May 19;12(5):1466. doi: 10.3390/nu12051466. PMID: 32438620; PMCID: PMC7284818.
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- Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ. Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(1):204-210.
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